Cuenta la leyenda que San Patricio, Patrono de Irlanda, no sólo cristianizó a los irlandeses, sino que les dio la posibilidad de elaborar por primera vez una bebida denominada uisge beatha, cuya traducción es “agua de vida“.
Dicho nombre proviene de la lengua gaélica en el siglo V. A partir de ese siglo los monjes irlandeses se especializaron en la destilación de lo que hoy conocemos como whisky. La misma se elaboraba con aguardiente de cebada y agua pura.
La más antigua destilería de whisky es la Old Bushmills, aún en funcionamiento, nacida en Irlanda en 1276.
Se dice que el propietario del pueblo de Bushmills daba de beber whisky a sus tropas para infundirles ánimo.
El whisky entro en Escocia en el siglo XV. Los normandos de Enrique II de Inglaterra, duque de Normandía, descubrieron el uisge beatha. La bebida les pareció tan excelente como impronunciable, por lo que decidieron acortarla y denominarla simplemente whiskey o whisky.
El inventor del whisky con aguardiente a base de malta (cebada germinada y secada en hornos de turba) fue el monje John Cor.
En 1494 el rey Jacobo IV de Escocia le concedió “a Fray John Cor”, de la abadía de Lindores, “ocho boles de malta para elaborar aqua vita para el rey“.
Lo denominaban aqua vita (agua de vida) porque se fabricaba en los monasterios con fines medicinales por sus propiedades reanimantes, casi mágicas y por su sabor y aroma especial.
La bebida comenzó a darse a conocer como un antídoto contra la pena, por lo que dicha «medicina» era bebida mayoritariamente en funerales. Con el tiempo, el beber y brindar por los difuntos se transformó en un acto de conmemoración por lo que el brindis con whisky se popularizó.
A partir del 1494, la Casa Real escocesa se apoderó del monopolio del whisky. Por consiguiente la Corona reguló su elaboración y consumo.
En el año 1500 se prohibió su venta, exceptuando a los barberos, que como cirujanos de la época lo empleaban como anestésico. Estaba totalmente vedado a todo aquel que no fuera “lord o gentilhombre”.
Hasta el siglo XIX su destilación fue mayoritariamente clandestina.
Las razones de su paso a la clandestinidad las adjudican a las guerras religiosas, las rivalidades nobiliarias y los disturbios dinásticos en Escocia.
A raiz de esto los escoceses comenzaron a mezclar whisky de malta con whisky de grano, de esta manera resultaba más liviano y barato.
Este punto representó una evolución fundamental hacia los distintos tipos de whisky de los que en la actualidad se conoce como blended y single malt. Hoy en día, su variedad es casi ilimitada.
Los norteamericanos lo transformaron en 1789 en su famoso bourbon, pariente lejano del whisky, obra del clérigo protestante Elyah Craig, de Kentucky, del condado de Bourbon, de donde deriva su nombre.
En el año 1802 el presidente de los Estados Unidos Thomas Jefferson elimina las tasas sobre el whisky comenzando su producción masiva.
“El whisky es un amanecer líquido”
George Bernard Shaw
Irlanda puede presumir de ser la cuna del whisky y de poseer la destilería más antigua (Bushmills), pero también tiene uno de los mejores whiskies. Su elaboración se lleva a cabo en alambiques tipo pot de forma y tamaño distinto a los escoceses.
Se destila tres veces, sin la utilización de turba.
Este whisky contiene cebada malteada, maíz , y en menor proporción, otros cereales como centeno, trigo y avena.
Esto hace que sea más ligero en sabor y aroma.
El whisky escocés se destila a partir de cebada y agua. Tiene un aroma más fuerte debido a que la cebada utilizada para crearlo primero brota y luego se seca con humo de turba, lo que le otorga un aroma único.
Tiene un sabor fuerte, debido a que se destila solo dos veces. Envejece en barricas de madera durante al menos 2 años.
Un whisky ligero, brillante y seco. Tiene mucho menos cuerpo que los de maltas escoceses y un sabor más neutro. Se elabora principalmente a partir de centeno y maíz. Permanece en barriles de roble entre 6 y 8 años.
El primero en destilarse fue el llamado rye, por parte de emigrantes irlandeses utilizando centeno, y en menor cantidad, maíz. El aguardiente debía envejecer como mínimo un año en barricas de roble nuevas previamente quemadas, obteniendo así un whisky tosco y con mucha fortaleza.
El corn fue el segundo en orden de aparición. Es una nueva versión del rye, en el que se hace protagonista al maíz en lugar del centeno, usándose barricas de roble nuevas sin quemar.
El bourbon fue el último en aparecer. Es una evolución de los whiskies existentes. Elaborado a base de maíz y envejecido en barricas nuevas y quemadas, pero con un peculiar proceso de elaboración que daba como resultado un whisky más delicado, aromático y dulce. Eso hizo que se popularizara en el mercado. Desplazando en las preferencias a rye y corn.
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